Neuroglia

Cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons in the nervous system.

Neuroglia, often referred to as glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide essential support and insulation for neurons. Unlike neurons, which are responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, neuroglia do not conduct electrical impulses. Instead, they play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, forming myelin, and providing support and protection for the brain's intricate neural architecture.

Terminologia Anatomica

neuroglia

System

Nervous system

Function

The primary functions of neuroglia are varied and vital for the proper functioning of the nervous system. They are involved in the maintenance of the brain's extracellular environment, facilitating the transport of nutrients and waste products. Astrocytes, a type of neuroglia, regulate blood flow to neurons, ensuring that the intricate neural networks have adequate energy supply. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, other glial cells, are essential for the formation of myelin sheaths that insulate axons, significantly increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission. Additionally, microglia serve as immune cells within the brain, protecting against pathogens and clearing debris. Collectively, these functions support neuronal health and contribute to overall neural function, allowing for complex behaviors and cognitive abilities.

Location

Neuroglia are distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the CNS, they are found in the brain and spinal cord, intricately interspersed among the neurons. Astrocytes are especially prominent in the gray matter, where they maintain a supportive environment for neuronal activity. Oligodendrocytes, responsible for myelination, are primarily located in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. In the PNS, Schwann cells wrap around peripheral nerve fibers to form myelin, while satellite cells provide support for the neuronal cell bodies in ganglia. This widespread presence underscores their significance in creating a functioning neural network throughout the body.

Did You Know?

Neuroglia outnumber neurons in the human brain by a ratio of approximately 10 to 1.
Some neuroglial cells can divide and regenerate, allowing for repair and maintenance of the nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons simultaneously, while Schwann cells in the PNS typically myelinate only one.
Microglia play a role not just in immunity but also in neural development and synaptic pruning, helping to shape neural connections.