Cerebral arteries

The primary function of cerebral arteries is to supply the brain with the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function effectively. The brain is an energy-intensive organ, consuming approximately 20% of the body's total energy expenditure despite comprising only about 2% of its weight. Cerebral arteries deliver this vital blood supply, allowing for essential functions such as cognition, movement, and sensory perception. Furthermore, these arteries help regulate blood flow to different regions of the brain according to their metabolic needs. In response to increased activity in a region, cerebral arteries can dilate, enhancing blood flow to that specific area, which is crucial for processes such as learning and memory formation.

Cerebral arteries are strategically located to supply blood throughout the brain efficiently. The primary cerebral arteries include the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. The anterior cerebral artery travels along the medial surface of the frontal lobe and supplies parts of the frontal and parietal lobes. The middle cerebral artery is the largest branch and runs laterally, supplying the lateral surfaces of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. The posterior cerebral artery originates from the basilar artery and primarily nourishes the occipital lobe and the inferior part of the temporal lobe. All these arteries form a network, the Circle of Willis, at the base of the brain, providing collateral circulation that enhances blood supply reliability.

• Cerebral arteries can react to changes in blood carbon dioxide levels, adjusting blood flow accordingly.
• The Circle of Willis allows for alternative pathways of blood flow in case one of the major arteries becomes blocked.
• Strokes can occur when cerebral arteries become occluded or rupture, adversely affecting brain function and health.
• The anterior cerebral artery is involved in controlling lower limb movement due to its supply to the area of the brain responsible for leg function.