Carotid arteries

Major blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck.

The carotid arteries are large blood vessels located on either side of the neck. They are crucial for transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain, face, and neck. The common carotid arteries bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries, each serving different regions of the head and neck.

Terminologia Anatomica

arteriae carotides

System

Cardiovascular system

Function

The primary function of the carotid arteries is to deliver oxygenated blood to the brain, which is vital for its function and survival. The internal carotid artery is responsible for supplying blood to the brain itself, nourishing areas critical for cognitive functions, movement, and homeostasis. Meanwhile, the external carotid artery supplies blood to the face and neck structures, including the scalp, jaw, and portions of the ear. Through a complex network of branches, these arteries ensure that all regions of the head and neck receive the vital nutrients and oxygen required for cellular respiration and metabolic activities. A well-regulated blood flow through the carotid arteries is essential; any obstruction or narrowing (stenosis) can lead to serious health consequences, including ischemic strokes.

Location

The carotid arteries begin at the aortic arch or the brachiocephalic trunk, depending on the side, and travel upwards through the neck. They can be located laterally, approximately at the level of the fourth cervical vertebra (C4), where they bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries. The external carotid artery branches out to supply the face, neck, and scalp, while the internal carotid artery travels upwards into the skull via the carotid canal to provide blood to the brain. The carotid pulse can be felt just lateral to the trachea at the level of the thyroid cartilage, serving as an important clinical landmark.

Did You Know?

The carotid arteries can sometimes be felt pulsating in the neck, making them useful in clinical assessments.
Atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the carotid arteries, is a significant risk factor for stroke.
The internal carotid artery has a unique structure that helps regulate blood flow to the brain based on its oxygen needs.