Iliac arteries

Crucial blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the lower limbs and pelvic region.

Iliac arteries are a pair of large blood vessels that branch from the abdominal aorta. They are divided into two main branches: the common iliac arteries, which further divide into the internal and external iliac arteries. The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the pelvic organs, while the external iliac artery continues into the thigh as the femoral artery.

Terminologia Anatomica

arteriae iliacae

System

Cardiovascular system

Function

The primary function of the iliac arteries is to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the lower body. They are essential for supplying the gluteal muscles, reproductive organs, and various pelvic structures with the oxygen and nutrients required for metabolism. The internal iliac artery serves the organs within the pelvis, including the bladder, uterus, and rectum, providing vital circulation for these activities. Meanwhile, the external iliac artery provides significant blood flow to the lower limbs, including the thighs and legs, ensuring proper function during movement and weight-bearing activities. Without adequate blood flow from the iliac arteries, the muscles and organs in the lower body would suffer from oxygen deprivation, leading to dysfunction and various health issues.

Location

The iliac arteries originate from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta at approximately the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4). This convergence marks the transition from the thoracic region to the abdominal area. The common iliac arteries then travel laterally and downward into the pelvic region, where each divides into the internal and external iliac arteries. The internal iliac artery branches off toward the pelvis, while the external iliac artery continues downward to become the femoral artery which supplies the leg. Their positioning is crucial, as they must navigate around structures such as the spine and various pelvic organs, making their pathways intricate yet efficient in reaching their target destinations.

Did You Know?

The common iliac arteries are about 4.5 centimeters long before branching into their respective internal and external arteries.
While oxygenated blood flows through the iliac arteries, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the iliac veins.
In some anatomical variations, additional branches may arise from the iliac arteries to supply unique regions of the pelvis.