Axillary artery

A major blood vessel that supplies blood to the upper limb and shoulder region.

The axillary artery is a large blood vessel that serves as a continuation of the subclavian artery. It begins at the lateral border of the first rib and extends to the inferior border of the teres major muscle, where it transitions into the brachial artery. This artery branches into several important arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the shoulder, chest, and upper arm, playing a crucial role in maintaining the proper function and health of these areas.

Terminologia Anatomica

arteria axillaris

System

Circulatory system

Function

The axillary artery serves as the primary source of arterial blood for the shoulder and upper limb. Its branches, which include the thoracoacromial trunk and the subscapular artery, provide vital blood supply to major muscles, nerves, and tissues. This ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients necessary for muscle metabolism, coordination, and movement. Moreover, the axillary artery plays a critical role in thermoregulation; during increased physical activity, the body's demand for oxygen rises, and the artery adapts by improving blood flow to meet these heightened needs. Additionally, because it distributes blood to areas involved in the lymphatic system, it is also essential for immune responses in the upper body.

Location

The axillary artery is located in the axilla, commonly referred to as the armpit. It begins at the lateral edge of the first rib and extends downwards along the medial side of the humerus, lying deep within the axillary region. This artery is positioned behind the pectoralis minor muscle, making it somewhat protected from external injuries. As it traverses the axilla, it is closely associated with various nerves and lymph nodes, allowing it to maintain its connection to the broader circulatory and lymphatic systems. The branches of the axillary artery further radiate outwards to ensure comprehensive perfusion of the shoulder and upper arm.

Did You Know?

The axillary artery is divided into three segments, with different branches arising from each segment, reflecting the complexity of its supply.
In some individuals, variations in the branching pattern of the axillary artery exist, which can impact surgical approaches in the shoulder region.
The axillary artery is a critical landmark for medical professionals performing nerve blocks and other procedures in the upper limb.