Human Anatomy

Articular cartilage

A specialized tissue that covers the ends of bones in synovial joints, facilitating smooth movement and absorbing shock.

Articular cartilage is a smooth, slippery type of cartilage found at the surfaces of synovial joints. Composed mainly of water, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans, it serves to reduce friction between the adjoining bones during movement. This cartilage is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels, which can complicate its healing processes.

Terminologia Anatomica

cartilago articularis

System

Musculoskeletal system

Function

The primary function of articular cartilage is to provide a smooth, low-friction surface for joint movement. By enabling bones to glide over each other with minimal resistance, it plays a crucial role in the functionality of weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and shoulders. Furthermore, articular cartilage absorbs shock during activities like walking, running, and jumping, which helps to protect bones from impacts and reduces the risk of injury. The elasticity and firmness of this tissue also allow it to distribute loads across the joint, preventing excessive pressure and wear on any single area. In its healthy state, articular cartilage helps maintain joint health, promoting mobility and reducing pain during movement.

Location

Articular cartilage is located at the ends of long bones within synovial joints, such as the knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip. It covers the joint surface of each bone, creating a protective layer that meets with the similar surface of the adjoining bone. This cartilage can be found in joints throughout the body, contributing to the seamless operation of both upper and lower extremities. Its strategic positioning is critical, as it not only facilitates movement but also imbues the joint with resilience to withstand repetitive stress and strain. The location of articular cartilage makes it particularly essential in weight-bearing joints, where it plays a pivotal role in overall body mechanics.

Did You Know?

Articular cartilage can be around 1 to 7 millimeters thick, depending on the joint and the individual’s age and activity level.
Because articular cartilage lacks blood supply, it has a limited ability to heal from injuries, which can lead to long-term joint issues such as osteoarthritis.
The composition of articular cartilage varies between different joints, adapting to the specific functional demands of each joint’s range of motion and load-bearing capacity.
Healthy articular cartilage has a unique ability to return to its original shape after being compressed, thanks to its high water content.
The process of cartilage wear can start from a young age, and preventive care, such as maintaining an active lifestyle, can enhance cartilage health.