Abdominal aorta

The major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower half of the body.

The abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta and runs through the abdomen, distributing blood to the organs and tissues in this region. It begins at the diaphragm, where it pierces the aortic hiatus, and extends down to the fourth lumbar vertebra, where it bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries.

Terminologia Anatomica

aorta-abdominalis

System

Circulatory system

Function

The primary function of the abdominal aorta is to deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the lower abdominal organs, pelvic region, and legs. As it descends through the abdomen, it branches off into various arteries that supply blood to critical structures. These include the celiac trunk, which branches into the left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries for the upper abdominal organs; the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies the small intestine and parts of the colon; and the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies the remainder of the colon and the rectum. Additionally, the abdominal aorta plays a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure and ensuring a sufficient blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of lower body tissues.

Location

The abdominal aorta is located in the posterior portion of the abdominal cavity. It begins at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (approximately 12 centimeters from the diaphragm) and runs downward along the anterior surface of the vertebral column. It lies posterior to the peritoneum and the major abdominal organs such as the stomach, pancreas, and spleen. As it approaches the fourth lumbar vertebra, it diverges into two common iliac arteries that supply the pelvis and lower limbs. Its deep position within the abdominal cavity makes it less susceptible to damage, yet accessible for various medical procedures.

Did You Know?

The abdominal aorta's diameter ranges from about 2.0 to 3.0 centimeters in adults, and it can become narrower due to atherosclerosis, leading to various health complications.
Branches from the abdominal aorta are responsible for supplying not only the intestines but also the kidneys and the adrenal glands.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm, which is an abnormal bulging of the artery, can occur and may lead to life-threatening hemorrhaging if it ruptures.