Intercostal nerves

A series of nerves that play a crucial role in the sensory and motor functions of the thoracic region.

Intercostal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system and originate from the thoracic spinal cord, specifically from the first eleven thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T11). Each intercostal nerve travels along the space between the ribs, known as the intercostal spaces, and provides motor innervation to the intercostal muscles, as well as sensory innervation to the skin of the thorax and part of the abdomen.

Terminologia Anatomica

nervi intercostales

System

Nervous system

Function

The primary function of intercostal nerves is to facilitate the process of breathing by controlling the intercostal muscles that elevate and lower the ribcage during inhalation and exhalation. These nerves also carry sensory information from the skin and deeper structures in their respective dermatomes, contributing to the body's ability to perceive touch, temperature, and pain in the chest and abdominal areas. Additionally, intercostal nerves play a significant role in providing autonomic innervation to the vascular smooth muscles, thereby influencing blood flow in the thoracic region. This network of nerves is essential for maintaining respiratory function and providing the central nervous system with critical feedback from the body's surface.

Location

Intercostal nerves are found in the thoracic region of the body, specifically situated within the intercostal spaces, which are the areas between each adjacent rib. They originate from the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves, emerging from the spinal column and traveling laterally across the thoracic wall. Each nerve moves into the associated intercostal space, lying just below the rib above, accompanied by an artery and vein in a protective groove along the rib's inferior surface, which helps to shield them from injury. The arrangement of the intercostal nerves allows them to effectively supply signals to the adjacent muscles and skin, ensuring coordinated movement and sensation in the upper body.

Did You Know?

Intercostal nerves are responsible for the 'intercostal neuralgia' condition, which can cause sharp pain in the rib area due to nerve irritation or injury.
Unlike cranial nerves, which emerge directly from the brain, intercostal nerves are part of a larger group that arises from the spinal cord, highlighting their role in connecting the spinal nervous system with the thoracic wall.
Each intercostal nerve also has a small communication branch that connects to the sympathetic trunk, which aids in regulating the autonomic responses in the thoracic cavity.