Lithium

Lithium was first discovered in 1817 by the Swedish chemist Johan August Arfwedson during an analysis of petalite, a mineral comprised of lithium, aluminum, and silicate. Although Arfwedson identified lithium oxide in the mineral, it wasn’t until 1855 that the element was isolated in its pure metallic form by the English chemist Augustus Matthiessen. Lithium was primarily regarded for its uniqueness until the late 20th century when its applications in rechargeable batteries became widely recognized, significantly impacting technology and consumer electronics. The demand for lithium increased sharply with the rise of electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions, leading to an exploration of various lithium sources globally.

Lithium is found naturally in various minerals, primarily in pegmatitic and sedimentary deposits. The most significant lithium-bearing minerals include spodumene, lepidolite, and amblygonite. It is also abundant in seawater, albeit in low concentrations, approximately 0.2 parts per million. In continental brine deposits, especially in places like the Salars of South America, lithium is extracted through evaporation techniques, contributing to the growing supply. Despite being relatively rare in the Earth's crust, placing it at around 20 parts per million, lithium's unique properties make its extraction economically viable and crucial for modern technology.

Lithium plays a vital role in the biological function of certain organisms, although its importance is primarily noted in humans. It is not a necessary nutrient but is used therapeutically to treat bipolar disorder, acting as a mood stabilizer. Studies suggest that lithium ions may influence neurotransmitter systems and cell signaling pathways. It has been indicated that low-dose lithium exposure may even have neuroprotective effects, promoting brain health and resilience against neurodegenerative diseases. Biologically, the trace elements hold significance and may be more essential than previously thought, enriching future research into their roles in health.

Lithium is a soft metallic element with a silvery-white appearance. It has an atomic weight of approximately 6.94 and is categorized as an alkali metal. Lithium has a melting point of 180.5 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 1342 degrees Celsius. It is highly reactive, especially in the presence of water, forming lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. When stored in air, lithium tarnishes quickly due to oxidation. Lithium's low density allows it to float on water, and it possesses a specific heat capacity that is among the highest of all solid substances. Chemically, lithium can form alloys with other metals and is known to react with halogens and acids.

Lithium is most widely known for its applications in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which power countless electronic devices, from smartphones to electric vehicles. Beyond batteries, lithium is utilized in manufacturing lightweight alloys for aerospace applications due to its low density and high strength. It is also employed in the production of heat-resistant glass and ceramics, as well as in lubricating greases and mood-stabilizing medications. Furthermore, lithium compounds, particularly lithium carbonate, are crucial in the production of lithium batteries, impacting renewable energy storage solutions, such as solar and wind power, thus contributing significantly to a sustainable future.

• Lithium was the first element produced by nuclear fusion in stars.
• Seawater contains about 0.2 milligrams of lithium per liter.
• Lithium is the only metal that reacts with nitrogen at room temperature.
• The first lithium-ion battery was commercialized in 1991.
• Lithium has been used in psychiatric treatments since the 1940s.