Patriotism, during the French Revolution, was a complex and evolving sentiment that deeply influenced the unfolding events between 1789 and 1799. Initially, patriotism was associated with the aspiration for radical change, embodying the desire to build a nation based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These aspirations were encapsulated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted on 26 August 1789, which became a cornerstone for revolutionary ideology. The early part of the Revolution saw the rise of various patriotic societies, such as the Jacobin Club, which played a significant role in shaping political discourse. Members of these societies, often referred to as "patriots," were fervent supporters of the Revolution and worked actively to promote its ideals. These groups were influential in swaying public opinion and organizing demonstrations (notably the march on Versailles on 5 October 1789), underscoring a collective national identity devoted to revolution. Patriotism also became intertwined with the concept of the nation-state. The Legislative Assembly (which replaced the National Constituent Assembly in October 1791) enacted various reforms to foster a sense of national unity. Measures included the reorganization of administrative divisions into departments and the introduction of mandatory military service (levée en masse). This policy of mass conscription (initiated on 23 August 1793) symbolized a collective patriotic duty toward defending the revolution and the nascent Republic. As external threats to the Revolution intensified (particularly from neighboring monarchies forming coalitions against France), patriotism took on a more militant character. The Revolutionary Wars, beginning in April 1792, galvanized the French populace. Volunteers flocked to join the revolutionary armies, and patriotic songs (such as "La Marseillaise," written in 1792) became anthems of national resolve. The imagery of Marianne (a personification of Liberty and the Republic) also grew prominent as a patriotic symbol during this period. Radicalization deepened patriotism's association with republican virtue. During the Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 to 28 July 1794), the Committee of Public Safety, led by figures such as Maximilien Robespierre, invoked patriotism to justify extreme measures against perceived enemies of the Revolution. "Patriotic" adherence to revolutionary principles was often demonstrated through acts of denunciation and public displays of loyalty to the Republic. The Thermidorian Reaction (beginning on 27 July 1794) and subsequent political shifts since then led to a gradual transformation in the expression of patriotism. While the fervor of the early revolutionary years subsided, the ideals instilled during this time continued to influence the French populace. Ultimately, the concept of patriotism during the French Revolution played a crucial role in shaping modern notions of national identity and citizenship in France.